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THARUA

Tharua (ISO Code - tkt) is an Indic language of the Indo-European language family. It is spoken in Uttar Pradesh state in North India.

Source/ Investigator(s): Mina Dan, Pranabesh Maiti, Rajeshwari Datta
 
Sl.No.FeatureValueArea
1Consonant Inventorieslarge (34)Phonology
2Vowel Quality Inventoriesaverage (6)Phonology
3Consonant-Vowel Ratiomoderately high (5.8)Phonology
4Voicing in Plosives and FricativesIn plosives alone Phonology
5Voicing and Gaps in Plosive SystemsNone missing in /p t k b d g/ Phonology
6Uvular ConsonantsNonePhonology
7Glottalized ConsonantsNo glottalized consonantsPhonology
8Lateral Consonants/l/, no obstruent lateralsPhonology
9The Velar NasalNo initial velar nasal:/gʰuŋgʰi/ ‘snail’Phonology
10Vowel NasalizationContrastive nasal vowels present (phonetic not phonemic)Phonology
11Front Rounded VowelsnonePhonology
12Syllable StructureModerately complex (cvvc)Phonology
13Absence of Common ConsonantsAll presentPhonology
14Presence of Uncommon ConsonantsNonePhonology
15Fusion of Selected Inflectional FormativesExclusively concatenativeMorphology
16Locus of Marking in the ClauseDependent marking: /məhin-he i kam kərna cahi 'I should have done the work’Morphology
17Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional MorphologyStrongly suffixingMorphology
18ReduplicationFull reduplication : /gʰəri gʰəri/ ‘again and again’Morphology
19Case Syncretismcore: Dat-Acc /-he/Morphology
20Number of GendersTwo: masculine and feminineNominal Categories
21Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender SystemsSex-basedNominal Categories
22Systems of Gender AssignmentSemanticNominal Categories
23Coding of Nominal PluralityPlural suffixNominal Categories
24Definite ArticlesabsentNominal Categories
25Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent PronounsNo inclusive/exclusiveNominal Categories
26Number of Cases7 case categoriesNominal Categories
27Position of Case Affixes suffixesNominal Categories
28Ordinal NumeralsFirst, two-th, three-thNominal Categories
29Perfective/Imperfective AspectGrammatical markingVerbal Categories
30The Past TensePresent, no remoteness distinctionsVerbal Categories
31The Future TenseInflectional future existsVerbal Categories
32Position of Tense-Aspect AffixesInflectional future existsVerbal Categories
33The ProhibitiveNormal imperative + special negativeVerbal Categories
34The OptativeInflectional optative present : /bake ɟan deo (OPT)/ ‘Let him go’Verbal Categories
35Order of Subject, Object and VerbSubject-Object-Verb: /vo (S) cirəiɲ-ə̃k (O) mari (V) ‘he killed the bird’Word Order
36Order of Subject and VerbSVWord Order
37Order of Object and VerbOVWord Order
38Order of Adposition and Noun PhrasePostpositionWord Order
39Order of Genitive and NounGenitive-NounWord Order
40Order of Adjective and NounAdjective-Noun: /əccʰi (Adj) kahani/ ‘good story’Word Order
41Order of Demonstrative and NounDemonstrative-NounWord Order
42Order of Numeral and NounNumeral-NounWord Order
43Order of Relative Clause and NounRelative ClauseO Noun phrase.Word Order
44Predicative AdjectivesPredicative adjectives have verbal encodingword Order
45Order of Degree Word and AdjectiveDegree word-AdjectiveWord Order
46Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb[Neg-V]: /ɟəepur nae ɟəbəija həẽ/ 'Wil not go to Jaipur'word Order
47Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and VerbSONegV: /məe pəɖʰən nəe (NEG) ɟat hə̃u/ ‘I don’t go to study'word Order
48Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content QuestionsMixed: /ɟa ka (Q) tir bəhinia həe ‘Is she your sister?’ , /ka (Q) u tumhər bəhinia həe/ “Is she your sister?’Word Order
49 Passive ConstructionsPresent: /bəmb se (PASS) mare gəe/ ‘Got killed by a bomb’Simple Clauses
50Alignment of Verbal Person MarkingAccusativeWord Order
51Negative MorphemesNegative particle /-‘nae/Lexicon

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